Fear in Prey–predator systems: The hidden driver of ecosystem dynamics
Fear in Prey–predator systems: The hidden driver of ecosystem dynamics Predator-prey relationships are traditionally viewed through the lens of direct interactions: predators hunt prey, prey are consumed, and populations fluctuate accordingly. While this framework is foundational in ecology, it tells only part of the story. Research over the past few decades has highlighted an equally important, yet often overlooked, factor: fear. Even without actual predation, the presence of predators can significantly influence prey behaviour, physiology, and overall population dynamics. How fear changes prey behaviour When prey sense danger, their behaviour shifts dramatically. They may reduce feeding, spend more time being vigilant, or move to safer but less resource-rich areas. While these adjustments enhance immediate survival, they come at a cost. Limited food intake can slow growth, weaken immune defences, and reduce reproductive output. In some species, prolonged fear can trigger ...